https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/ Sustainable Development of Geographical Environment en daily 1 Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 25 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106935.html Background and Purpose: Pedestrians are an effective factor in improving urban spaces, physical health and quality of life of residents, reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment and strengthening social connections and social feelings among residents. Therefore, the spatial quality of pedestrians is the result of the interaction of a set of physical, social, aesthetic and functional factors. Therefore, understanding the causal relationships between these factors helps to develop an optimal model for designing, organizing and improving pedestrians. Therefore, considering the benefits and positive effects of sidewalks in various dimensions, as well as the importance of examining the causal relationships of the components explaining the spatial quality of sidewalks in order to develop a desirable design and planning model, the present study was written with the aim of explaining the causality of the spatial quality of sidewalks in Tabriz metropolis in order to develop a desirable model.Methodology: The present study employs a mixed‑method research approach (quantitative and qualitative), with an applied purpose and a descriptive–analytical nature. First, the components explaining the spatial quality of pedestrian streets are extracted through documentary studies, and then the data are analyzed using expert surveys and the DEMATEL technique. Moreover, Grounded Theory is utilized to develop an optimal model for planning and designing pedestrian streets in the metropolis of Tabriz. The statistical population of the research consists of experts (specialists, managers, and urban officials) familiar with the pedestrian streets of Tabriz. Since the size of the population is unknown, a sample size of 100 participants was determined using Cohen’s method.Findings and Discussion: The findings of the research, based on the examination of physical and aesthetic, functional and motor, social and cultural, environmental and perceptual and psychological criteria (spatial qualities), show that (1) the functional and motor criteria have the greatest impact and the perceptual and psychological criteria have the greatest impact. (2) The functional and motor, physical and aesthetic criteria have the greatest interaction with other criteria under study. (3) The functional and motor, physical and aesthetic and environmental criteria are causal variables and the social and cultural, perceptual and psychological criteria are effect variables. (4) The greatest power of influence is related to the functional and motor criteria and is positive. It can also be said that in the sidewalks of Tabriz metropolis, functional, physical and environmental criteria are of fundamental importance as causal variables. Also, the results of these space qualities will increase social interactions and improve perceptual and psychological criteria. The study of sub-criteria also indicates that increasing the durability and efficiency of space has the greatest impact and improving the quality of space experience has the greatest impact. Also, the criterion of increasing the durability and efficiency of space has the greatest interaction with other criteria. The greatest impact power has been related to the criteria of increasing the durability and efficiency of space, physical organization of space and continuity and movement integration, respectively. Also, out of the 24 criteria studied, 14 were causal criteria and 10 were effect criteria.Conclusion: The results indicate that considering the causal relationships, on one hand, and integrating them into the spatial quality indicators discussed in international discourses—such as Comfort and Image (safety, attractiveness, legibility, identity, cleanliness, furnishings, aesthetics), Use and Activity (diversity of functions, mixed-use, functional sustainability, emphasis on human scale), Accessibility and Connectivity (expansion of visual connectivity of spaces, avoiding spatial discontinuity, permeability and access, spatial coherence and continuity), and Sociability (enhancing the sense of belonging to the space, diversity of social activities, inclusivity)—can lead to the successful implementation of a successful pedestrian street model in the metropolis of Tabriz. Furthermore, the extracted core category for the optimal planning and design of pedestrian streets in the metropolis of Tabriz is the “Integrated Model for Enhancing the Spatial Quality of Urban Pedestrian Streets with an Experience-Oriented, Context-Based, and Interaction-Focused Approach.” This core category posits that the quality of a pedestrian street is not achieved merely by aggregating indicators, but is rather the result of a dynamic and causal interaction among physical, functional, environmental, socio-cultural, and perceptual components. This interaction must be understood and designed within the context of Tabriz’s climate, culture, social behaviors, and physical structure. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_107070.html https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106767.html Introduction: The smart city has emerged in response to the complex challenges of rapid urbanization, often emphasizing technological innovation and operational efficiency. However, this approach may neglect the social, cultural, and ethical dimensions of the city. This study critiques technology-driven perspectives, proposing an alternative framework: the “wise city,” which prioritizes humanity, meaning, and justice. While existing research has focused on technology’s potential for infrastructure and management improvement, it has also revealed significant limitations. These include conceptual ambiguity, a deficit of justice-oriented thinking, and vulnerability to market-driven logics. A narrow focus on technology can lead to soft domination and social conformity, placing technological and economic interests above humanity and meaning. Therefore, a rethinking of the theoretical foundations of the city, with emphasis on spatial justice, socio-cultural sustainability, and human flourishing, is essential. This approach paves the way for transitioning from the smart city to the wise city, a city where technology serves humanity and meaning.Materials and Methods: This study is fundamental and exploratory, aiming to clarify concepts, identify fundamental challenges, and develop a conceptual framework for the “Wise City”. In the first step, a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted to extract the key conceptual, operational, technological, social, and governance-related challenges associated with smart cities. In the second step, fifteen experts were purposefully selected using the snowball sampling technique, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the third step, the collected data were analyzed using the Fuzzy DEMATEL technique to determine the causal–effect relationships among the identified challenges. Finally, the results were integrated within a critical discourse framework, leading to the development of the “Wise City” model as a human-centered, ethical, and meaning-oriented alternative to the technology-driven smart city paradigm.Results and Discussion: Using the Fuzzy DEMATEL method, the study analyzed and prioritized the challenges of the smart city across ten primary dimensions. The analysis revealed that challenges such as "conceptual and philosophical critiques," "erosion of human agency," "institutional and financial capacity," and "governance and policymaking" are among the most influential factors and serve as structural drivers for other challenges. In contrast, components such as "social justice," "citizen participation," "public education," and "cybersecurity" primarily appear as outcomes. The results indicate that critically interrogating the conceptual foundations of the smart city and attending to its causal and intermediary layers are prerequisites for effective and sustainable solutions. In this regard, the proposed alternative model of the "wise city" is introduced as a human-centered, ethical, and holistic framework. Emphasizing wisdom, creativity, and cultural and spiritual values, this model repositions technology as a tool for human flourishing and ecological sustainability and offers a conceptual alternative to address the crises of the contemporary city.Conclusion: The findings revealed that the core challenges of the smart city are rooted less in technical and infrastructural dimensions and more profoundly in philosophical, conceptual, and institutional levels. The dominance of a technology-driven perspective, while enhancing efficiency, has simultaneously led to inequality, the erosion of human agency, and environmental crises. In response, the alternative model of the “Wise City” was proposed, founded on participatory governance, social justice, and meaning-oriented development, in which technology is regarded as an ethically grounded tool serving human flourishing. The pillars of this model were redefined across six domains: people, economy, governance, environment, mobility, and living. Ultimately, transitioning toward this model is identified as a strategic necessity for addressing contemporary urban crises.  https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106916.html 1.Background and purposeIn the contemporary era, urban management faces increasing complexities, highlighting the urgent need for effective integration between overarching policies, medium-term plans, and annual budgets. Islamshahr, as part of the Tehran metropolitan region, has absorbed a significant volume of migrants in recent decades. However, the lack of macro-level planning commensurate with this rapid growth has led to challenges such as population and building density. Municipal strategic-operational plans are recognized as key tools for achieving sustainable development and improving citizens' quality of life. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these plans is consistently influenced by numerous and complex factors. Therefore, identifying and prioritizing the key drivers that enhance the effectiveness of these plans—particularly through a futurology approach—has become an essential need for urban management in Islamshahr. The main research question is: Which factors play the most significant role in the feasibility and efficiency of strategic-operational plans for the city and municipality of Islamshahr?2.MethodsThis study is applied in purpose and employs a mixed (descriptive-analytical) methodology within a futurology framework. Data were collected through documentary methods (review of library resources and articles) and field methods (questionnaires). The statistical population consisted of 25 experts and specialists in urban management and planning (including urban managers, city council members, provincial office experts, and university professors). After extracting influential indicators from theoretical foundations and refining them using the Delphi method, the Cross-Impact Matrix (MICMAC) was utilized to analyze the direct and indirect influence and dependence of variables across five dimensions: Structural-Organizational, Process-Planning, Resource-Economic, Environmental-Stakeholder Participation, and Specialized-Technical.3.Findings and discussionThe matrix fill rate ranged between 90% and 91.67%, indicating a high density of relationships among variables. In the Structural-Organizational dimension, "Relative Autonomy of the Municipality and Interdependence," "Restructuring and Reorganization," and "Coordination among Organizational Units" were identified as the most influential drivers. In the Process-Planning dimension, "Information Technology and Knowledge Management," "Precise Definition of Goals and Vision," and "Coordination among Units and Related Organizations" ranked highest. In the Resource-Economic dimension, "Diversification of Revenue Sources," "Financial and Budget Transparency," and "Resilient Financial Policies" had the greatest impact. In the Environmental-Stakeholder Participation and Specialized-Technical dimensions, factors such as "Institutional Collaboration," "Information Transparency," and "Specialized Capacities and Up-to-Date Data" emerged as key drivers.4. ConclusionThe findings reveal that the effectiveness system of strategic-operational plans in Islamshahr is primarily influenced by governance/organizational and process drivers, while financial, participatory, and technical drivers play complementary roles. The most critical final key drivers include: decentralization, restructuring and reorganization, precise goal definition, information technology and knowledge management, revenue source diversification, financial transparency, attention to socio-economic conditions, and enhancement of specialized capacities. This study corroborates that in Islamshahr, citizen participation is more a consequence of improved governance, transparency, and communication than a primary cause. Furthermore, the relative autonomy of the municipality, as a highly influential variable, underscores the importance of reducing financial-administrative dependencies and strengthening local decision-making. Finally, practical solutions such as establishing cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms, implementing management dashboards, diversifying revenue streams, and deploying integrated urban data systems are proposed to enhance plan effectiveness.On one hand, these findings align with previous studies emphasizing transparency, participation, integration, and institutional support. On the other hand, the "futuristic framework and structural MICMAC analysis" revealed significant distinctions. Contrary to some views, "citizen participation" in Islamshahr was identified as an "affective" variable whose success depends on prerequisites such as transparency, institutional cooperation, and access to information. It is recommended that practical solutions—such as forming integrated committees, implementing project and data management systems, diversifying revenue sources, and designing targeted participation mechanisms—be directly designed and implemented based on these drivers. These insights can substantially assist urban managers and planners in formulating and executing more effective operational plans. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106970.html Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine the function of the metaverse in simulating crisis scenarios and to evaluate its role in enhancing urban decision-making, with a focus on its implications for urban morphology and environmental sustainability in the city of Dubai. Due to its rapid urban growth, implementation of large-scale development projects, and substantial investment in advanced technologies, Dubai is considered one of the world’s most advanced cities on the path toward smart urban development and can serve as an appropriate model for applying the metaverse in crisis management. The city faces various types of crises, including environmental challenges, limitations on natural resources, and transportation-related issues—crises that often occur suddenly and require fast, accurate, and data-driven decisions. In such circumstances, the metaverse, as an interactive three-dimensional digital environment, enables the simulation of different crisis scenarios before they occur in reality and allows the impacts of managerial decisions to be evaluated in a safe and controlled setting. The use of this technology can enhance the predictive, analytical, and responsive capacities of urban managers during critical situations while reducing decision-making risks.Materials and Methods: This study adopts a quantitative, explanatory–applied approach to examine the role of the metaverse in redesigning urban morphology and enhancing environmental sustainability in Dubai. The methodological framework is based on testing causal relationships among theoretical constructs using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Metaverse-based scenario building and simulation were employed to operationalize morphological variables and reinforce the quantitative analysis. The study population comprised urban planning and design experts, including managers and technical specialists working in Dubai Municipality, the Smart Dubai Office, and institutions involved in urban development as well as digital twin and metaverse projects. Stratified random sampling proportional to organizational representation was applied. Sample size was determined using Cohen’s formula with a significance level of 0.05 and statistical power of 0.80, yielding a minimum of 220 respondents; to account for potential attrition, 250 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire consisting of 30 items across four main constructs. Analysis was conducted using SmartPLS version 4. The measurement model was first assessed, followed by evaluation of the structural model using path coefficients, coefficients of determination (R²), predictive relevance (Q²), effect sizes (f²), and bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. The overall goodness-of-fit index (GOF = 0.65) indicated a strong model fit. External validity was supported by aligning the results with spatial data and urban development reports of Dubai, including Expo 2020.Results and Discussion: The results of the structural equation modeling indicate that the research model demonstrates strong fit and explanatory power, with an overall goodness-of-fit value of GOF = 0.65. The measurement model shows adequate quality, as all constructs report AVE values above 0.50 and both composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha exceed 0.70. In the structural model, the coefficients of determination are R² = 0.67 for environmental sustainability, R² = 0.59 for urban morphology, and R² = 0.54 for socio-economic outcomes. Path coefficients reveal that metaverse application has a direct and significant effect on environmental sustainability (β = 0.42), which is further strengthened through urban morphological change (β = 0.35). Socio-economic outcomes show positive but mainly indirect effects, emerging after morphological adjustments are implemented.Conclusion: This study concludes that the metaverse represents an effective and reliable framework for urban planning and design in Dubai, particularly when applied to the reconfiguration of urban morphology. The findings demonstrate that environmental sustainability is achieved mainly through measurable spatial and morphological transformations rather than through social or economic factors alone. By enabling scenario-based simulations and data-driven evaluation of urban form, the metaverse reduces planning risks and supports informed decision-making. Consequently, integrating metaverse-based tools into urban policy can provide a strategic pathway for sustainable urban development, with urban morphology serving as the core lever for long-term environmental improvement. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106896.html In today's dynamic world, we are witnessing significant developments in the field of architecture. These developments are influenced by technological advances and the modern and new needs of Western societies, which have gradually entered the arena of Iran. Meanwhile, a question occupies our minds: do these developments and transformations only focus on the structural and technical aspects or do they also focus on aesthetics and architecture? The tectonic approach is a concept in architecture that can provide an appropriate answer to this question. This approach is one of the concepts that is proposed in the history of architecture that addresses both the technical and artistic dimensions. Contemporary Iranian architecture has lost its identity in its attempt to modernize and has neglected the principles of native and traditional architecture in its pursuit of achieving global standards. Because native and traditional Iranian architecture, with a strong and fruitful history from various perspectives such as sustainability and being focused on Iranian culture and art, can share a large and special part of this art and culture. Those interested in vernacular architecture have expressed aspects of this architecture from three perspectives in which the continuation of vernacular architecture to the contemporary era and the future has been ignored. The first perspective aims to preserve the works left behind by vernacular architecture. The second perspective seeks ways to ensure the continued existence of vernacular architecture, and the third perspective uses vernacular architecture as a source for understanding architectural values. The characteristics that exist in vernacular architecture are one of the most influential factors in attracting tourists, and this perspective can have a significant impact on the development of sustainable tourism and introducing this approach to society. Because in today's world, where the concept of sustainable development is receiving special attention, the tourism industry, which is a dynamic industry, seeks to align its development with the principles of sustainability by understanding the balance between economic prosperity and environmental protection. In the context of contemporary Iranian architecture, one of the main challenges is to preserve the vernacular identity against global trends. Guilan Province, with its rich heritage of wooden structures and designs in harmony with the climate, is a rich example of native architecture. The main goal of this research is to apply the tectonic approach and draw inspiration from the features of native architecture of Guilan in order to design sustainable tourism accommodations. These accommodations should, in addition to environmental sustainability, create a deep sense of belonging in tourists and help them experience the authentic identity of the place. The research method of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. Data collection in the form of library and fieldwork has been pursued in two main phases to deeply understand the indicators of native architecture of Guilan with a tectonic approach. The result of these two phases has been the extraction and compilation of the final indicators of native architecture of Guilan based on the tectonic approach in order to be used in the design of sustainable tourism accommodations with a focus on the native architectural style of the region in order to develop sustainable tourism. The findings and results indicate that the vernacular architecture of Guilan, with its intelligent use of native materials such as wood and the design of steeply pitched roofs, has provided an inherent and engineered response to the region's climatic challenges (such as high humidity and heavy rainfall) and is an outstanding example of environmental sustainability and thermal comfort. The important achievement of the research is the development of a comprehensive theoretical framework based on a tectonic approach to re-identify the vernacular elements of the region's architecture. This framework allows these elements to be reproduced in contemporary designs using new technologies and materials without sacrificing cultural authenticity and climatic efficiency. The practical application of these principles in the design of tourist accommodations in the region, which provides the possibility of this ideological and executive integration towards the development of sustainable tourism, is very important. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_104045.html Introduction: The ever-increasing growth of the urban population in recent decades has caused damage to human communities and the human environment. So the lack of attention to this issue in the near future will cause irreparable financial, human, and environmental damage to the geographical environment of human life, In this regard, given the importance and necessity of the issue of environmental justice in urban health and the existence of widespread inadequacies and inconsistencies in this area, the purpose of this article is to: investigate the impact of environmental pollution on urban health with an emphasis on social justice in the neighborhoods of Siah Astalakh, Rudbartan, Fakhb, and Shahrak‑e Kompost in Rasht (2022).Materials and Methods: This research is considered an applied research in terms of its purpose and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its nature and method. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire with 10 main indicators and 51 items extracted through a review of valid research documents and field observations. For this purpose, in order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire and the selected indicators and items, these questions were provided to seven professors and researchers of urban planning and urban geography, and after applying their opinions, the questionnaire was finally revised and approved. Accordingly of air pollution, noise, water and soil, visual, vegetation, environmental behavior, environmental health, physical environment - services, urban health system and justice that are involved in the formation of environmental pollution in the neighborhoods of Rasht were identified and used to achieve the research goal. The statistical population consisted of citizens over 15 years of age living in the selected neighborhoods of Rasht, which, according to the latest general population and housing census of 2016, had a population of over 50,000 people. Therefore, the statistical sample size was determined using the Cochran formula as 381 people with a confidence coefficient of 0.95. However, due to better reliability and randomization of the questionnaire size, 400 samples were considered, so that 100 questionnaires were distributed in each neighborhood. SPSS, Smart PLS software, structural equation modeling (SEM) and the Friedman test were used to analyze the findings from the field studies.Results and Discussion: The findings of the research showed that there are very strong and positive relationships between the factors of environmental pollution and justice in urban health. So that the path coefficient obtained with 0.691 indicates that the hypothesis is confirmed, therefore environmental pollution has a significant effect on justice in urban health and this effect is of high intensity. Among the four neighborhoods studied, the order of pollution levels is: Rudbartan, Siah Astalakh, Fakhb, and finally Shahrak Kompost. The Shahrak-e compost neighborhood has a higher level of pollution due to its ranking in the last place.Conclusion: Based on the results of the Friedman test it was found that among the four investigated neighborhoods, the highest level of dissatisfaction with environmental pollution and urban health belongs to the Shahrak Compost neighborhood (with an average of 1.94), followed by neighborhoods Fakhb (with an average of 2.19), Siah Astalakh (with an average of 2.77) and lastly Rudbartan neighborhood (with an average of 3.60) is located. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_107015.html Introduction: Public spaces, as the main platform for the formation of urban life, play a decisive role in the quality of citizens' interactions and social bonds. In recent decades, physical transformations resulting from modern planning and rapid urban development, often without considering socio-cultural dimensions, have led to a fundamental change in the essence of these spaces. These changes have affected their potential to strengthen social interactions, sense of place attachment, and social capital. In recent decades, a devastating paradox has occurred in the urban development of Tehran (and many metropolises around the world): on one hand, the symbolic and economic importance of public space is increasingly emphasized, and on the other hand, its social and cultural nature is being destroyed in the gears of modern urban planning and speculative urbanism. Prioritizing traffic efficiency at the expense of destroying sidewalks and gathering spaces, giving priority to symbols of development. at the cost of ignoring the human scale, and turning multi-purpose spaces into uniform, controlled commercial products are just a few examples of this trend. These transformations, which often lack historical sensitivity and are indifferent to local wisdom, gradually erase collective memory from spaces, turning them into rootless, defenseless, and passive places. This research was conducted with the aim of studying the physical transformation of public spaces and its impact on the quality of social interactions in selected areas of Tehran. Materials and Methods: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes experts and specialists in fields related to urban collective spaces (such as urban planning, architecture, urban design, urban sociology, and urban management). A purposive snowball sampling method was employed for participant selection, whereby initially a number of recognized experts were identified and interviewed, and then, through their referrals, other qualified individuals were added to the sample. Data collection continued based on the principle of theoretical saturation; after conducting 10 interviews, no new data emerged, and theoretical saturation was achieved. Consequently, the interview process was halted at this stage. The collected data were then analyzed using MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software. Results and Discussion: Analysis of the findings indicates that a total of 474 conceptual codes were extracted from the interview data through coding. These codes were organized during the analysis process into 6 main categories and 18 subcategories. Based on frequency and importance, the most significant main categories identified, in order, are: factors affecting transformation (24.7%), physical-spatial transformations (22.8%), and strategies and solutions (18.6%) of the total extracted codes. To ensure the reliability of the coding process, Cohen's Kappa coefficient was calculated, yielding a value of 0.81. This value indicates a high level of agreement among coders and suitable reliability of the qualitative data. Furthermore, using network analysis, key nodes influencing the studied system were identified. The results showed that political-managerial factors, with 31 references and 5 connections, act as the central and pivotal node. On the other hand, transformations during the Pahlavi period, with 42 references, were identified as the most significant historical key node, having the greatest impact on shaping the current situation. Regarding solutions, out of 17 identified strategies, the analysis results determined that 9 strategies fall into the very high priority group. These strategies primarily focus on categories such as community-based regeneration, revitalizing human scale, enhancing walkability, and increasing citizen participation, and should be placed at the forefront of future actions. Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that public spaces are not neutral backgrounds, but rather play a decisive and dynamic role in the quality and quantity of communications and social bonds among citizens in the selected areas of Tehran. Public spaces should be recognized as living and dynamic arenas that enable diverse interactions, dialogue among different groups, and the formation of a collective identity, which requires a fundamental review and redesign with this approach https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106859.html Introduction: Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have increasingly become strategic instruments for attracting investment and stimulating regional economic growth. However, their developmental outcomes often include uneven spatial effects and varying degrees of spillovers in surrounding areas. In this context, the present study aims to examine the spatial–economic consequences of the Arg-e Jadid SEZ, drawing on the theoretical foundations of regional spillover effects and spatial growth theories. The study specifically seeks to identify which spatial and economic variables in the surrounding areas are most influenced by SEZ development and how these changes shape patterns of regional disparity.Materials and Methods: The research adopts a quantitative approach using spatial and economic data covering the period 1385–1404 (2006–2025). Data were gathered from national statistical agencies, geographic information sources, and regional development reports. A combination of spatial and statistical indicators—including population growth rate, land prices, changes in industrial land use, Landsat satellite imagery, and the Regional Disparity Index (RDI)—was employed to measure the extent and distribution of SEZ-induced transformations across neighboring urban areas.Results and Discussion: The analysis shows that the establishment of the Arg-e Jadid SEZ has substantially affected the economic and physical dynamics of surrounding regions. These effects include population growth, expansion of infrastructure, and increased capital investment in nearby cities. Nevertheless, the distribution of these impacts has been spatially uneven, with growth concentrated in areas adjacent to the SEZ and weaker spillover effects in more distant regions, resulting in pronounced spatial inequality. Land-use assessments reveal significant expansion of built-up areas and a concurrent reduction in agricultural land, indicating the environmental pressures associated with industrial development. Furthermore, RDI results indicate that spatial disparities are most pronounced in Bam and Barvat, followed by Narmashir, with the intensity of disparity gradually diminishing with distance from the SEZ.Conclusion: Overall, the findings highlight that while the Arg-e Jadid SEZ has contributed to accelerated economic and physical development in its surrounding areas, its impacts have been unevenly distributed, producing notable spatial disparities. The observed patterns of built-up expansion and agricultural land decline underscore the need for more balanced and environmentally conscious regional planning to mitigate the unequal effects of SEZ-driven growth https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106969.html Absratct Background and Purpose: Spatial justice, as one of the fundamental principles of sustainable development, refers to the equitable distribution of opportunities, resources, services, and facilities in geographical space, alongside inclusive decision-making processes and respect for the diversity of local needs and identities. Spatial justice interweaves the distributional dimension emphasized by planners, the procedural norms highlighted by legal scholars, the lived experience stressed by sociologists, and the manifestation of power in space. North Savadkuh and Savadkuh counties, located in Mazandaran Province, possessing pristine nature, agricultural, livestock, and tourism potential, hold a strategic position and particular significance in regional development. However, spatial justice, as a foundational principle of sustainable and human development, faces profound and tangible challenges and inequalities in the rural areas of these two counties. In this context, identifying the dimensions and level of spatial justice in both counties will greatly assist rural planners in formulating programs and policies. Therefore, the primary goal of this research is to examine and analyze spatial justice from the perspective of the people residing in rural settlements.In this regard, identifying the dimensions and extent of spatial justice in both counties will greatly assist rural planners in formulating programs and policies. Therefore, our main goal in this study is to examine and analyze spatial justice from the perspective of people in rural settlements.Methodology: This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in methodology. In this study, data collection methods to address the research questions are twofold: documentary (secondary data) and survey. The instrument employed in the survey method was a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consists of rural residents in Savadkuh County and North Savadkuh County. The sampling method was cluster sampling, and the sample size was determined using Morgan's table at 384 individuals. In the first stage, rural districts were selected as primary clusters. Subsequently, from each cluster, a number of villages were selected through purposive sampling, and households were chosen randomly. The number of sample villages was determined at 50 villages via non-probability purposive sampling, as previously mentioned. Considering population proportions in rural settlements, 34 villages were selected in Savadkuh County and 16 villages in North Savadkuh County. Raw data for measuring spatial justice indicators were collected through questionnaires. For data analysis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized in the section examining the effects of spatial justice indicators. This study employed a structural approach using AMOS software. In the section examining and analyzing spatial justice indicators and their components, a One-Sample t-test was conducted using SPSS software.Findings and Discussion: The findings of the present research, framed within Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), revealed that all examined primary dimensions have a significant impact on empowerment regarding spatial justice. Psychological-cognitive factors exhibited the highest influence, with a regression coefficient of 0.68 and a t-value of 8.65, indicating the critical importance of self-esteem, sense of belonging, and intrinsic motivations in enhancing spatial justice. Following this, political factors ranked second with a coefficient of 0.64 and a t-value of 9.12. Conversely, the results of the One-Sample t-test indicated that the majority of spatial justice indicators and components are in an undesirable condition. A favorable status was observed only in certain components, including lifestyle changes, social participation, access to healthcare services, diversity of economic activities, and sense of local belonging. Conclusion: Weaknesses in institutional-managerial dimensions (laws, budget, effective management, data-driven planning, planning) and political dimensions (non-discrimination, political participation, conflict of interest, development of political awareness, international capacities) in both regions—especially mountainous areas—are identified as underlying and exacerbating factors of deprivation. Ineffective management, lack of transparency, weaknesses in data-driven planning, and discrimination in resource allocation constitute the primary obstacle to the realization of spatial justice.Keywords: One-Sample t-test, Structuralural ‌Equation, Modeling (SEM), Foothill villages, Mountainous villages, Spatial justice indicators https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106841.html Introduction: Housing represents a fundamental human necessity and a pillar of sustainable development. Rapid urbanization and population growth have increased the number of households, thereby escalating the demand for urban housing. Currently, housing provision is increasingly shaped by market forces rather than strategic planning, leading to adverse outcomes like land shortages, urban sprawl, and sectoral imbalances. Given that urban growth patterns significantly impact human health and environmental resources, providing housing—particularly for low-income populations—is a primary governmental concern. In post-revolutionary Iran, various policies aimed to address these shortages. A notable initiative was the “Mehr Housing Project” during the ninth and tenth administrations. However, implementation failures and unfulfilled commitments in provinces like East/West Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, and Ardabil undermined its overall effectiveness. In recent years, demographic shifts toward smaller households, economic downturns, and the commodification of housing have reignited the urgency for academic and policy-driven interventions.Materials and Methods: This research employs a meta-analysis to review to conduct a comprehensive review of Iranian housing studies from 2001 to 2024. The statistical population was sourced from major databases including the Comprehensive Humanities Portal, SID, and Noormags. Selection criteria were rigorous, requiring Pearson correlation coefficients, defined sample sizes, and specific research variables. From the initial pool, 30 qualified studies were selected. Data were processed using SPSS22 and CMA2 to determine effect sizes. To ensure statistical integrity, the research employed the Q homogeneity test, funnel plots for publication bias, and Kendall’s Tau. A random-effects model was specifically chosen to account for the inherent heterogeneity across the diverse studies.Results and Discussion: The results show that research on low-income housing in Iran began in 2004 and declined until 2017, a trend that parallels the implementation period of the Mehr Housing Project. However, research surged between 2017 and 2023 due to emerging implementation failures, economic challenges, and demographic shifts toward smaller households. Geographically, 70% of studies were provincial, 20% urban, and 10% national. Methodologically, 50% were practical and 40% descriptive-analytical, primarily using questionnaires and surveys (60%) to gather data from specialists and residents. Statistical analysis via the Q test confirmed study heterogeneity, justifying the random-effects model. With no significant publication bias detected, the average effect size was calculated at 0.59. According to Cohen’s criteria, this represents a moderate yet statistically significant relationship between the studied variables, indicating that while housing policies had an impact, their practical effectiveness remains at a medium level.Conclusion: The meta-analysis demonstrates that governmental policies have deeply influenced both research trends and the lived reality of housing. While programs like "Mehr" intended to support the poor, they were marred by regional imbalances and construction delays. The shift of housing from a social right to an investment commodity has only intensified the crisis. The findings conclude that housing provision in Iran has reached a moderate level of success but remains insufficient. To achieve true spatial and social justice, the government must move away from purely market-driven mechanisms and implement targeted policymaking, integrated spatial planning, and sustainable financial instruments https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106769.html Background and Purpose: Urban shrinkage essentially represents a reconceptualization of previous scientific terminologies found in earlier discourses, including terms such as deurbanization, urban decline, urban blight, urban decay, obsolescence, population loss, and urban poverty. Researchers often define a shrinking city as an urban area that experiences economic stagnation, population loss, a high unemployment rate, and social and demographic problems. The objective of this research is to analyze and examine urban shrinkage with a particular emphasis on the role of migration as a contributing factor. Methodology: This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in method, based on direct observations and questionnaire distribution. The primary spatial unit consists of the urban neighborhoods of Borujerd city, categorized into five clusters: marginalized neighborhoods, annexed villages, affluent neighborhoods, pre-planned housing complexes, and the city's core formation neighborhoods. According to the statistics, the cluster of pre-planned housing complexes was excluded as it does not contain residents who are emigrants from the city. Data collection utilized both documentary and field methods. For the section on the causes of citizen emigration from Borujerd, a citizen questionnaire was designed using a Likert scale. Given the questionnaire's design for investigating emigration causes from Borujerd, Cronbach's alpha test was employed within the SPSS software environment; the obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 confirms the questionnaire's reliability at a very good level. The questionnaire's validity was verified by specialized professors. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used. Given that the data collection was survey-based and the variables under investigation were of a nominal-ordinal nature, and considering that no statistics are registered regarding the number of emigrants, we employed non-probability purposive sampling. Furthermore, to determine the sample size in a manner consistent with scientific foundations for survey research, we deemed it reasonable to base the sample size on the completion of 100 questionnaires. For the analysis of the questionnaire data, we utilized the one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test within SPSS software. Findings and Discussion: The findings revealed that, considering the F-statistic value and significance level greater than 0.05, there was no significant difference in mean scores among privileged neighborhoods, marginalized informal settlements, historical urban core areas, and annexed former villages regarding variables such as: greater employment opportunities outside the city, lack of job opportunities in Borujerd, absence of banking facilities like loans, inequality in amenities and services between Borujerd and the provincial capital as well as other destination cities, shortage of sports infrastructure and facilities, difficulties in family formation for oneself or children, presence of greater personal freedoms in larger cities, insufficient governmental institutions and organizations in the origin city, inefficient performance of city officials, and government resolutions and plans favoring the provincial capital - with all respondents across different neighborhoods expressing consensus about the impact level of these factors on migration from Borujerd.Conclusion: Migration leads to sustained population decline in Borujerd city as the primary indicator of urban shrinkage, with residential neighborhoods gradually emptying and rising vacancy rates of houses, while population decrease reduces demand for services causing business closures and intensifying migration through a vicious cycle, as migration intensification fragments urban space where marginalized neighborhoods, annexed villages and historic urban cores face depopulation while pre-planned townships and privileged areas gain population, driving internal relocation between neighborhoods or to other cities as middle classes increasingly opt for inter-city migration with significant numbers from Borujerd's historic core neighborhoods relocating to Tehran. The long-term effects of migration on urban shrinkage include population aging, decline in the workforce, closure of small businesses, reduced capital attraction, increased vacant and abandoned properties, decline in infrastructure and urban facility quality, proliferation of unsafe neighborhoods, closure of schools and educational centers, reduced quality of healthcare services, diminished public transportation, social fragmentation, decreased social vitality, increased psychological problems, abandonment of agricultural lands, expansion of marginalized settlements, and environmental degradation https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106737.html Introduction: Happiness is increasingly recognized as a key dimension of urban quality of life; however, its translation from policy discourse into practical implementation remains unclear. The decline in social capital and satisfaction indices in Iranian cities suggests that relying solely on the “Happy City” model at the planning level -without assessing citizen perceptions- is insufficient for enhancing quality of life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective of identifying and measuring the effective components of achieving a Happy City in the Minoodar neighborhood of Qazvin. The necessity of this research stems from the lack of indigenous, data-driven models to measure this link.Materials and Methods: The research is applied in its objective and descriptive–analytical in nature, adopting a correlational and causal approach. The analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in SmartPLS. To determine the total sample size, the Cochran formula was initially used, yielding a sample size of 324. Subsequently, to enhance the precision and reliability of the research, the sample size was increased to 383 participants. Data were collected using a researcher-made 51-item questionnaire based on 11 “Happy City” criteria, extracted from theoretical foundations, employing a random cluster sampling method. In this method, the Minoodar neighborhood was first divided into various clusters based on its city blocks, and then samples were randomly selected from each block to complete the questionnaire, proportionally weighted according to each block’s population ratio to the neighborhood’s total population. This method is particularly suitable when complete and accurate information about all members of the population is unavailable, as it facilitates the collection of representative data from all parts of the community. Subsequently, path analysis was performed between the latent and observed variables in the conceptual model, with the reliability and validity of the data confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE).Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that the Security component played a key and pivotal role in neighborhood happiness. This component exerted its influence both directly (coefficient of 0.618) and indirectly through channels such as social interactions (coefficient of 0.02). Furthermore, the The Climatic Comfort component had a significant direct effect on happiness and quality of life directly, with a coefficient of 0.281, suggesting that favorable environmental conditions, access to green space, and appropriate activity density can enhance general well-being and satisfaction with urban life. The Safety component also had a direct effect on neighborhood happiness with a coefficient of 0.149, and the Hygiene component showed a negative effect with a coefficient of -0.255 on residents’ perception of neighborhood happiness. In contrast, components such as Spatial Justice, Visual Attractiveness, and Social Interactions, despite their theoretical importance, did not have a direct impact in the study area.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that citizens’ perception of security is closely linked to their economic and livelihood conditions, and ensuring livelihood can lead to the formation of a sense of security and subsequently, urban happiness. This pattern shows that in the specific context of the Minoodar neighborhood, the model places the greatest emphasis on fundamental variables, namely Livelihood, Security, and Climatic Comfort. In other words, the components directly tied to people’s basic satisfaction are prerequisites for achieving a Happy City. Accordingly, attaining a Happy City at the neighborhood scale necessitates prioritizing security, livelihood, and climatic comfort before implementing symbolic interventions, followed by focusing on completing supporting infrastructure and socio-physical dimensions. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_104606.html Background and purpose In the past decades, the concepts of quality of life and livability have been considered among the most important planning principles for settlements and have been of considerable importance in order to achieve sustainable development. The need to pay attention to this issue is of double importance despite the unbalanced population structure and spatial inequalities in our country. In the meantime, small cities are one of the most important residential areas in developing countries, where the low livability rate has led to emptying and a significant decrease in population. One of the effects of population decline in urban areas is the fading of identity in these destinations because people who migrate from their departure points gradually lose their sense of belonging to that place and find belonging to their departure destinations. On the other hand, residents of areas with a low livability level, due to service and living inadequacies, are more trying to meet their individual needs, and numerous problems and social inequalities are an obstacle to the formation of a unified social identity in these destinations. Therefore, in the current research, it is assumed that the decrease in livability will affect the fading of social identity in cities. In this regard, the aim of this research is to explain and summarize the most important indicators of livability for the small city of Songhor and measure these indicators on the identity of this city. In this regard, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. methods First, by analyzing the content of domestic and foreign articles, the general indices of livability were extracted as 94 factors. In order to localize and determine the most relevant indicators for the purpose of this research, the results of the first stage were summarized in the form of a Delphi process and a survey of experts. In addition, the effects of livability components on the social identity of the city were also investigated, and in this regard, multiple linear regression analysis was used in Spss software. At this stage, the findings from the Delphi stages were prepared in the form of a questionnaire and distributed and collected among the citizens. The statistical community is the city of Songhor and the sample size includes 200 residents of different neighborhoods of the city of Songhor. Discussion and findings In the content analysis stage, after the identification of open codes and their frequency, following the inductive approach, open codes were categorized according to their semantic affinity and 43 sub-themes were extracted from the integration and integration of related codes. Sub-themes were also categorized into 7 main themes. Further, the results of the Delphi steps showed that livability indicators in Songhor city are in 7 general categories: "Urban Management", "Environmental Features", "Social Features", "Urban Services and Infrastructure", "Economic Features". ", "cultural characteristics" and "climatic characteristics" can be formulated. In the last stage, in order to measure the effects of livability components on the social identity of the cities, the results showed that the 3 economic, cultural and environmental dimensions have higher correlation with the social identity of the city with the effect coefficients of 0.468, 0.286 and 0.209, respectively. The components of climatic features were also removed from the model due to the lack of significant value. Conclusion In evaluating the role of livability components on the social identity of the city, we came to the conclusion that the economic, cultural and environmental components have the highest correlation with the social identity of the city. The results of this research are especially important in the current situation where cities and settlements are seriously facing an identity crisis and the low level of livability components. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106679.html Introduction: Tabriz, as one of the major metropolises in Iran with a long history of destructive earthquakes, is a prominent example of cities prone to seismic hazards due to its location on active fault lines. This city, particularly in its northern and eastern areas, lies on the North Tabriz Fault. At the same time, rapid urban growth, high population density, and unsustainable developmenthave exacerbated challenges related to earthquake risk management. One of the key areas in Tabriz with high seismic importance is the Roshdiyeh neighborhood. As a developed area with diverse urban structures, Roshdiyeh features a mix of concrete, steel, and masonry buildings. However, a significant portion of these structures, especially masonry buildings, have not been adequately retrofitted, significantly increasing the seismic vulnerability of the region. This study's problem statement is based on the premise that many buildings in Roshdiyeh are highly vulnerable to moderate to severe earthquakes due to their location on the Tabriz fault. This vulnerability threatens the safety and lives of residents and could lead to socio-economic collapse and widespread urban disruptions. The lack of accurate and documented data on the vulnerability of buildings in the region adds further challenges for urban managers and planners in developing risk reduction and retrofitting policies.Materials and Methods: This study employed an analytical-descriptive approach using the ARIA method to assess the seismic vulnerability of buildings in the Roshdiyeh neighborhood of Tabriz. The area was selected as the case study due to its location on the North Tabriz Fault and the diversity of its constructions. Data were collected through field observations, structural assessments, and completion of standard ARIA checklists. Variables such as soil type, structural system, building height, and plan irregularities were analyzed based on earthquake intensities of 7, 8, and 9 on the Mercalli scale, and a damage index (LR) was calculated for each building. Data analysis using statistical tools and GIS provided seismic vulnerability zoning maps for various earthquake intensities. The results indicate that masonry buildings without reinforcements showed the highest vulnerability, while concrete buildings with shear walls exhibited the least damage. Expert opinions from earthquake and structural engineering specialists validated the findings. This comprehensive study serves as a tool to identify seismic vulnerabilities and proposes solutions such as retrofitting buildings, adhering to construction standards, and planning for emergency response. It represents a significant step toward reducing earthquake risks and enhancing urban safety in Roshdiyeh, Tabriz.Results and Discussion: The study found that masonry buildings without reinforcements exhibit the highest seismic vulnerability in Roshdiyeh, and they are likely to undergo total collapse in severe earthquakes (Mercalli 9). Steel buildings without bracing also demonstrated considerable vulnerability due to design flaws. Conversely, concrete buildings with shear walls performed well under seismic forces, showing the lowest vulnerability levels.The analysis revealed that buildings with horizontal and vertical reinforcements, while better than unreinforced masonry structures, remain vulnerable to severe earthquakes and require retrofitting. Steel buildings with bracing showed better performance and lower damage indices. Seismic vulnerability zoning delineated a high concentration of vulnerable buildings in specific areas of Roshdiyeh, especially in older neighborhoods, constituting a substantial threat to life safety and property loss. The findings underscore the need for retrofitting masonry and steel buildings, adhering to seismic standards for new constructions, establishing emergency infrastructure in high-risk zones, and implementing precise planning to mitigate earthquake risks.Conclusion: The study concluded that unreinforced masonry and steel buildings without bracing in Roshdiyeh, Tabriz, have the highest seismic vulnerability and face a high risk of collapse in severe earthquakes. In contrast, concrete buildings with shear walls demonstrated superior seismic performance attributable to their inherent ductility and lateral load-resisting system. The concentration of vulnerable buildings in densely populated areas creates serious challenges for crisis management. Retrofitting existing buildings, enforcing seismic standards, establishing emergency facilities, and urban planning are critical measures to reduce vulnerability. Emphasizing resilient structural design and sustainable development is essential to enhance the region's safety and resilience https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_104749.html The main purpose of this research is to investigate the status of sustainable urban regeneration indicators in the 12th district of Tehran from the perspective of three groups (officials, citizens, urban elites). The research method used is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, 383 questionnaires among citizens, 50 questionnaires among urban elites and 50 questionnaires among officials and experts of related departments and organizations have been completed. SPSS software and MANOVA multivariate analysis of variance test were used for data analysis. The results show; The overall average of urban regeneration indicators in the 12th district of Tehran is equal to 2.82 from the point of view of the officials and 2.49 from the citizens' point of view and 2.55 from the urban elites' point of view. According to all three groups, the average of all indicators was lower than the theoretical average of the questionnaires, which is (3). In general, the average opinions of the two groups of urban elites and citizens are very close to the status of sustainable urban regeneration indicators in the 12th district of Tehran, and they have described the city's situation as inappropriate in terms of indicators. However, the average opinions of managers are different compared to the other two groups, and from the managers' point of view, the indicators are very close to the average. The results of the MANOA test also show that there is a significant difference between the opinions of different urban groups in terms of sustainable urban regeneration indicators. And it is only in the economic index that there is no difference between the average opinions of the groups, while in other indices there is a significant difference between the opinions of the groups regarding the indices. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the status of sustainable urban regeneration indicators in the 12th district of Tehran from the perspective of three groups (officials, citizens, urban elites). The research method used is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, 383 questionnaires among citizens, 50 questionnaires among urban elites and 50 questionnaires among officials and experts of related departments and organizations have been completed. SPSS software and MANOVA multivariate analysis of variance test were used for data analysis. The results show; The overall average of urban regeneration indicators in the 12th district of Tehran is equal to 2.82 from the point of view of the officials and 2.49 from the citizens' point of view and 2.55 from the urban elites' point of view. According to all three groups, the average of all indicators was lower than the theoretical average of the questionnaires, which is (3). In general, the average opinions of the two groups of urban elites and citizens are very close to the status of sustainable urban regeneration indicators in the 12th district of Tehran, and they have described the city's situation as inappropriate in terms of indicators. However, the average opinions of managers are different compared to the other two groups, and from the managers' point of view, the indicators are very close to the average. The results of the MANOA test also show that there is a significant difference between the opinions of different urban groups in terms of sustainable urban regeneration indicators. And it is only in the economic index that there is no difference between the average opinions of the groups, while in other indices there is a significant difference between the opinions of the groups regarding the indices. The results of the MANOA test also show that there is a significant difference between the opinions of different urban groups in terms of sustainable urban regeneration indicators.The results of the MANOA test also show that there is a significant difference between the opinions of different urban groups in terms of sustainable urban regeneration indicators. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_106768.html Introduction: The development of the Makran coast, as one of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s national megaprojects, has dimensions that extend far beyond a mere civil and economic plan, evolving into a decisive variable in regional geopolitical equations and Iran’s bilateral relations with emerging powers. Located on the coast of the Oman Sea and in proximity to major global shipping lanes, this region has historically served as a bridge between the Iranian plateau and the Indian Ocean. In the contemporary era, this position has gained heightened importance, becoming the focal point for maritime-oriented development programs. This research is formulated to explain and analyze the multifaceted impacts of this development on Iran-India relations. The central question is: How and through what mechanisms has the development of the Makran coast, with the strategic centrality of Chabahar Port, influenced the nature and level of economic, political, and security cooperation between Tehran and New Delhi in the 2019-2023 timeframe?Materials and Methods: This study employs a descriptive–analytical method with a qualitative approach. The descriptive-analytical method was chosen as it allows for the complex phenomenon of Makran’s development and its effects on bilateral relations to be first accurately described, and then its deeper layers to be dissected through the analysis of causal relationships and influential variables. The qualitative approach enables the researcher to move beyond quantitative data to analyze the discourses, political intentions, and strategic interests of the actors involved. Data collection was conducted entirely through documentary and library-based methods. The sources used encompass a wide range of official documents (such as bilateral agreements between Iran and India and performance reports from the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development), strategic reports from research centers and chambers of commerce, peer-reviewed academic articles indexed in reputable databases, and strategic analyses published by regional and international think tanks. The data analysis process was based on qualitative content analysis. The theoretical framework is predicated upon a synthesis of three complementary theories: 1) Critical Geopolitics, to analyze the discourses and spatial representations that transform Makran’s development into a tool for exercising power and influence; 2) Regional Connectivism Theory, to explain the economic logic behind the development of transport corridors and Chabahar’s role as a logistics hub; and 3) Soft Balancing Theory, to understand the security and strategic dimensions of Iran-India cooperation as an indirect response to the growing influence of China and Pakistan in the region. This combined theoretical framework facilitates a comprehensive, multi-dimensional analysis of the subject.Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that the Makran development, particularly Chabahar Port, has evolved into a “strategic anchor” in bilateral relations due to the convergence of geopolitical interests. From India’s perspective, the project is not only an alternative trade route to access Afghanistan and Central Asia but also an effective tool for balancing against China’s influence through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Gwadar Port. For Iran, the project presents an opportunity to mitigate the effects of international sanctions, diversify its economy, and solidify its role as a regional connectivity hub. However, significant challenges persist; economic sanctions, instability in attracting foreign investment, intense competition from Gwadar Port, and internal structural and administrative obstacles have hindered the progress of the projects.Conclusion: It is concluded that the full strategic potential of the Makran coast requires adopting an integrated national strategy, an improved institutional environment for capital attraction, and the definition of sustainable cooperation mechanisms with key partners like India. The future path must focus on the smart management of geopolitical challenges and project diversification to transform Makran from a regional project into a national platform for Iran’s maritime-oriented economic leap https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_104171.html Today, philosophical concepts such as the right to the city are taken into account in urban planning and they emphasize the access of all to city services and the creation of spatial justice. In the current research, the components affecting the right of the city have been identified. This research is presented in a descriptive-analytical method with a combined approach and selection of a combined method and basic data theory strategy. The statistical population of the research includes two quantitative and qualitative parts. The qualitative part includes texts from the field of urban planning and the quantitative part includes the opinions of planning system experts. The main variable of the research is the development of the model of the right to the city and dependent variables, the distribution of urban services and the production of space. According to the results, the ruling paradigm of urban plans, which is based on quantification with an emphasis on empiricism, has been one of the main obstacles to realizing the right to the city in Iran's urban plans. Cultural variables, economic conditions, political thought, governance and the right to the city are among the other influential variables of this research. The relationship between social conditions and the production of space and distribution of urban services has always been neglected. Therefore, the hypothesis of the existence of a relationship between the mentioned variables and the social variable is rejected and is not approved by the research. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_103969.html These exchanges, depending on the level of border penetration, can play an essential role in the economic, social and physical development of urban settlements in the border areas. In this regard, the present research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of border exchanges and interactions on the improvement of the quality of economic, social and physical indicators of the border city of Marivan from the citizens' point of view. In terms of method, this research is considered as descriptive-analytical research and in terms of goal, it is considered as applied-developmental research. Documentary-field data collection method and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. The method of data analysis was also quantitative and in the form of t-test statistical tests and Pearson correlation. The results of the research showed the evaluation of citizens' opinions regarding the effects of the border on most of the economic, social and physical indicators of the city of Marivan has shown that there are positive effects. Of course, it did not affect the indicators of the quality of life and city services, and it also had a negative effect on the educational indicators in the city. The results of the correlation coefficient also showed that there is a significant correlation between the characteristics of people's age, education and length of stay in Marivan city with economic, social and physical indicators. https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_103899.html Passive defense is called as the most important intelligent measures to deal with human and natural threats in times of peace and tranquility. Today, knowing the current situation and creating a vision of the desired situation in relation to the spatial analysis of urban infrastructures in the light of security and defense considerations and using it in combination with the Geographical Information System (GIS) is of fundamental importance in the field of decision-making and planning according to It has a defensive purpose in studies. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the level of damage of the infrastructures of Mazandaran province. For this purpose, an evaluation process has been carried out using the geographic information system and the ANP model. Relevant spatial data have been collected from the official centers and authorities of the country, and written sources and questionnaires from local experts and experts have been used to measure and determine the criteria. The results of this research show that more than 60% of the area of the province is very vulnerable. And less than 20% of the province's area is exposed to low vulnerability. Also, the results show that the northern regions of the province and the Caspian Sea border are more vulnerable than the southern regions of the province and the highlands, and in case of establishing new infrastructures and crisis management in emergency situations, it is necessary to pay attention to the vulnerable areas of the province https://egsdejournal.sbu.ac.ir/article_105102.html Over the past few decades, emerging environmental threats arising from population growth, urbanization, water transformation, and the threat to the survival of ecosystems and human communities due to water scarcity, especially in areas with low rainfall, have led to increasing threats to water resources on a transnational to transnational scale. Strengthening the aspects of cooperation interactions has played an effective role in hydro-political relations. The main question of the article is what are the factors of water diplomacy in the hydro-political relations of the Kora-Aras catchment countries? The hypothesis of the article is that the most important factors in water diplomacy and hydro-political relations of the countries of this basin are Turkish dams, river pollution by Armenia, unclear legal regime of Aras-Kora river, economic development plans of catchment countries, poor management of catchment water resources and its consequences Threats to food and agricultural security, threats to human health, migration, threats to the national security of downstream countries, and future conflicts and tensions between the basin countries will witness a range of hydro-political relations (cooperation, tension, war) between the basin countries. Recognizing the entanglement of natural fields, capacities and capabilities with vulnerabilities arising from the threat of water security and hydro-political relations between actors and activists is the technique of water diplomacy and the method of this research is qualitative (library and documentary studies...) and quantitative (expert interviews). Questionnaire using SPSS, AHP, SAV techniques).