فصلنامه علمی توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی

فصلنامه علمی توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی

تبیین علّی کیفیت‌های فضایی پیاده‌راه‌های شهری در راستای تدوین الگوی مطلوب (مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر تبریز)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه شهرسازی، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران.
2 گروه شهرسازی و معماری، واحد مراغه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مراغه، ایران
3 گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران
چکیده
مقدمه: پیاده‌راه‌ها عاملی مؤثر در ارتقاء فضاهای شهری، سلامت جسمی و کیفیت زندگی ساکنان، کاهش تأثیر منفی وسایل نقلیه‌ی موتوری بر محیط‌زیست و تقویت ارتباطات اجتماعی و احساس اجتماعی در میان ساکنان می‌باشند. بنابراین کیفیت فضایی پیاده‌راه‌ها نتیجه‌ی برهم‌کنش مجموعه‌ای از عوامل کالبدی، اجتماعی، زیباشناختی و عملکردی است. از این‌رو، شناخت روابط علّی میان این عوامل کمک می‌کند تا بتوان الگوی بهینه‌ای برای طراحی، ساماندهی و ارتقاء پیاده‌راه‌ها تدوین کرد. بنابراین، با توجه به مزایا و اثرات مثبت پیاده‌راه‌ها در ابعاد مختلف و همچنین اهمیت بررسی روابط علّی مؤلفه‌های تبیین‌کننده‌ی کیفیت فضایی پیاده‌راه‌ها به‌منظور تدوین الگوی مطلوب طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین علّی کیفیت فضایی پیاده‌راه‌های کلان‌شهر تبریز در راستای تدوین الگوی مطلوب نگارش شده است.
مواد و روش‌ها: روش تحقیق در مطالعه‌ی حاضر آمیخته (کمی و کیفی) با هدف کاربردی و ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی است. در این پژوهش، ابتدا از طریق مطالعات اسنادی مؤلفه‌های تبیین‌کننده‌ی کیفیت فضایی پیاده‌راه‌ها استخراج شده و سپس با استفاده از پرسشگری با خبرگان و تکنیک DEMATEL تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها انجام گرفته است. همچنین در راستای تدوین الگوی مطلوب برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی پیاده‌راه‌ها از تئوری زمینه‌ای استفاده شده است. جامعه‌ی آماری پژوهش نیز شامل خبرگان (کارشنان، مدیران و مسئولان شهری) آشنا با پیاده‌راه‌های تبریز می‌باشد که با توجه به مشخص نبودن تعداد جامعه‌ی آماری، با استفاده از روش کوهن حجم نمونه 100 نفر تعیین شده است.
نتایج و بحث: یافته‌های تحقیق بر مبنای بررسی معیارهای (کیفیت‌های فضایی) کالبدی و زیباشناختی، عملکردی و حرکتی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی، زیست‌محیطی و ادراکی و روان‌شناختی نشان می‌دهد که (1) معیار عملکردی و حرکتی از بیشترین تأثیرگذاری و معیار ادراکی و روان‌شناختی از بیشترین تأثیرپذیری برخوردار می‌باشند. (2) معیارهای عملکردی و حرکتی و کالبدی و زیباشناختی بیشترین تعامل را با سایر معیارهای مورد مطالعه داشته‌اند. (3) معیارهای عملکردی و حرکتی، کالبدی و زیباشناختی و زیست‌محیطی متغیرهای علّی و معیارهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی و ادراکی و روان‌شناختی متغیرهای معلول می‌باشند. (4) بیشترین قدرت تأثیرگذاری مربوط به معیار عملکردی و حرکتی و به‌صورت مثبت است. همچنین می‌توان گفت که در پیاده‌راه‌های کلان‌شهر تبریز معیارهای عملکردی، کالبدی و زیست‌محیطی به‌عنوان متغیرهای علّی از اهمیت اساسی برخوردار هستند. همچنین نتایج این کیفیت‌های فضا موجب افزایش تعاملات اجتماعی و ارتقاء معیارهای ادراکی و روانی خواهد گردید. بررسی زیرمعیارها نیز حاکی از آن است که افزایش ماندگاری و کارایی فضا دارای بیشترین تأثیرگذاری و ارتقاء کیفیت تجربه‌ی فضادارای بیشترین تأثیرپذیری می‌باشد. همچنین معیار افزایش ماندگاری و کارایی فضا بیشترین تعامل را با سایر معیارها داشته است. بیشترین قدرت تأثیرگذاری نیز به ترتیب مربو به معیارهای افزایش ماندگاری و کارایی فضا، ساماندهی کالبدی فضا و پیوستگی و یکپارچگی حرکتی بوده است. همچنین از بین 24 معیار مورد بررسی 14 معیار علی و 10 معیار معلول بوده‌اند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که توجه به روابط علّی و معلولی از یک‌سو و ادغام آن‌ها در شاخص‌های کیفیت فضایی مطرح‌شده در گفتمان‌های بین‌المللی همچون راحتی و تصویر (امنیت، جذابیت، خوانایی، هویتمندی، پاکیزگی، مبلمان، زیبایی‌شناختی)، کاربری و فعالیت (تنوع عملکردها، اختلاط کاربری‌ها، پایداری عملکردی، تأکید بر مقیاس انسانی)، دسترسی و پیوند (گسترش ارتباط بصری فضاها، عدم روبه‌رویی با قطع فضایی، نفوذپذیری و دسترس، انسجام و پیوستگی فضایی) و جامعه‌پذیری (ارتقاء حس و تعلق به فضا، تنوع فعالیت اجتماعی، همه‌شمولی) می‌تواند الگوی موفقی از پیاده‌راه‌ها را در کلان‌شهر تبریز مورد اجرا قرار دهد. همچنین مقوله‌ی هسته‌ی استخراج‌شده در راستای برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی مطلوب پیاده‌راه‌های کلان‌شهر تبریز «الگوی یکپارچه ارتقاء کیفیت فضایی پیاده‌راه‌های شهری با رویکرد تجربه‌محور، زمینه‌گرا و تعامل‌محور» می‌باشد. این مقوله‌ی هسته بیان می‌کند که کیفیت پیاده‌راه تنها با تجمیع شاخص‌ها حاصل نمی‌شود، بلکه نتیجه‌ی تعامل پویا و علّی میان مؤلفه‌های کالبدی، عملکردی، زیست‌محیطی، اجتماعی–فرهنگی و ادراکی است؛ و این تعامل باید در بستر اقلیم، فرهنگ، رفتارهای اجتماعی و ساختار کالبدی تبریز فهم و طراحی شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Causal explanation of spatial qualities of urban pedestrians in order to develop a desirable pattern (Case study: Tabriz metropolis)

نویسندگان English

Davood Salehi Moghaddam 1
Ali Azar 2
Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir 3
1 Department of Urban Planning, Mara.C, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran.
2 Department of Urban Planning and Architecture, Mar.C.,Islamic Azad University، Maragheh , Iran
3 Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mara.C, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction: Pedestrians are an effective factor in improving urban spaces, physical health and quality of life of residents, reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment and strengthening social connections and social feelings among residents. Therefore, the spatial quality of pedestrians is the result of the interaction of a set of physical, social, aesthetic and functional factors. Therefore, understanding the causal relationships between these factors helps to develop an optimal model for designing, organizing and improving pedestrians. Therefore, considering the benefits and positive effects of sidewalks in various dimensions, as well as the importance of examining the causal relationships of the components explaining the spatial quality of sidewalks in order to develop a desirable design and planning model, the present study was written with the aim of explaining the causality of the spatial quality of sidewalks in Tabriz metropolis in order to develop a desirable model.
Materials and Methods: The present study employs a mixed‑method research approach (quantitative and qualitative), with an applied purpose and a descriptive–analytical nature. First, the components explaining the spatial quality of pedestrian streets are extracted through documentary studies, and then the data are analyzed using expert surveys and the DEMATEL technique. Moreover, Grounded Theory is utilized to develop an optimal model for planning and designing pedestrian streets. The statistical population of the research consists of experts (specialists, managers, and urban officials) familiar with the pedestrian streets of Tabriz. Since the size of the population is unknown, a sample size of 100 participants was determined using Cohen’s method.
Results and Discussion: The findings of the research, based on the examination of physical and aesthetic, functional and motor, social and cultural, environmental and perceptual and psychological criteria (spatial qualities), show that (1) the functional and motor criteria have the greatest impact and the perceptual and psychological criteria have the greatest impact. (2) The functional and motor, physical and aesthetic criteria have the greatest interaction with other criteria under study. (3) The functional and motor, physical and aesthetic and environmental criteria are causal variables and the social and cultural, perceptual and psychological criteria are effect variables. (4) The greatest power of influence is related to the functional and motor criteria and is positive. It can also be said that in the sidewalks of Tabriz metropolis, functional, physical and environmental criteria are of fundamental importance as causal variables. Also, the results of these space qualities will increase social interactions and improve perceptual and psychological criteria. The study of sub-criteria also indicates that increasing the durability and efficiency of space has the greatest impact and improving the quality of space experience has the greatest impact. Also, the criterion of increasing the durability and efficiency of space has the greatest interaction with other criteria. The greatest impact power has been related to the criteria of increasing the durability and efficiency of space, physical organization of space and continuity and movement integration, respectively. Also, out of the 24 criteria studied, 14 were causal criteria and 10 were effect criteria.
Conclusion:: The results indicate that considering the causal relationships, on one hand, and integrating them into the spatial quality indicators discussed in international discourses—such as Comfort and Image (safety, attractiveness, legibility, identity, cleanliness, furnishings, aesthetics), Use and Activity (diversity of functions, mixed-use, functional sustainability, emphasis on human scale), Accessibility and Connectivity (expansion of visual connectivity of spaces, avoiding spatial discontinuity, permeability and access, spatial coherence and continuity), and Sociability (enhancing the sense of belonging to the space, diversity of social activities, inclusivity)—can lead to the successful implementation of a successful pedestrian street model in the metropolis of Tabriz. Furthermore, the extracted core category for the optimal planning and design of pedestrian streets in the metropolis of Tabriz is the “Integrated Model for Enhancing the Spatial Quality of Urban Pedestrian Streets with an Experience-Oriented, Context-Based, and Interaction-Focused Approach.” This core category posits that the quality of a pedestrian street is not achieved merely by aggregating indicators, but is rather the result of a dynamic and causal interaction among physical, functional, environmental, socio-cultural, and perceptual components. This interaction must be understood and designed within the context of Tabriz’s climate, culture, social behaviors, and physical structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Pedestrian
Spatial quality
Causal relationships
DEMATEL
Tabriz metropolis
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